"CONSTELLATIONS"

Ppt presentation by nelson constellations. from Nelsonsagacampos

"THE FACINATING PLATE TECTONICS"

"PLATE TECTONICS"

plate tectonics is the theory that tries to explain the expansion, separation and movements  of the crust, such theory have serious assumptions about the expansion of the world. For instance, The continental drift, the movement of plate boundaries, type of volcanoes, the creation of faults, and the mystery of the ring of fire. All this geological changes have a link that contribute to the plate tectonic plates. And every time this events attempted  to explain the origins of the tectonic plates.

Long time ago before our times the entire world began to be exactly 200 million years ago the earth was unified in one super continent. The continental drift, and the expansion of the universe have a link, eventually the continental drift theory attempt to explain how this phenomenon occurred and why  all continents were once  part of a single continent called " Pangaea" The present theory of continental drift was first proposed  by  Alfred Wegener  in 1912. he thought that all the continents were once joined together in one super-continent, 200 million years ago named Pangaea meaning "All-earth" The rest of  the earth was  covered  with one huge ocean. Pangaea started to break up into two smaller super continents, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland due to geological forces causing  Pangaea to split apart into the major continents we have today. scientist have study and founded a lot of evidence that supports Alfred Wegener thoughts as well his genius theory. Evidence like Fossils of Mesosaurus that were found only in both South America and South Africa, and the matching Mountain Ranges Across the North Atlantic Also there is a natural "fit" like a puzzle for  most of the  continents.

 

Plate boundaries are found in the lithosphere and are three main types of plate boundaries convergent, divergent, and transform. even thought the three are interactions between two plates their characteristics makes them unique. plate tectonics are mostly related with the creation of volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, mountains folded. the first is the divergent boundary at this plate two plates move away from one another when this occur oceans grow wider and break the crust eventually the water fill the spaces between the earth. The convergent plates boundaries what basically occur is that one plate will subducted under the other and this can create mountains and volcanoes, this tend to occur at Subduction zones such as the ring of fire. there a 3 types of convergent boundaries Oceanic Continental, Oceanic-Oceanic, and Continental-Continental. the third is Transform Boundaries are where two plates are sliding horizontally past one another. These commonly created faults like the famous Sean Andreas fault.

 Why 75% of volcanoes are in the ring of fire? the ring of fire is the most seismic zone and dangerous of the world. up to 75% of the worlds volcanoes are located in the ring of fire in fact  There are about 350 historically active volcanoes in the zone which makes of the ring of fire the most destructive and dangerous place  in the world, the volcanoes occur in this area, because the pacific plate is colliding(hitting) with other major plates. the tension in this area make plates slide underneath other and melt them into magma that eventually will rise to the surface and will form volcanoes . the location of the ring of fire borders the pacific plate.

Volcanoes are formed all over the world, the happen when pressure builds up inside the earth causing the hot magma from the mantle to push up through the surface (crust) There are three main types of volcanoes: Cinder cone, Composite volcanoes, and Shield volcanoes. Each of this distinguished volcanoes share some similarities. The cinder cone are formed when ashes are blown out of a single vent, they eruption usually don't cause any loss of life's. The composite volcanoes also known as "stratovolcanoes" are formed at convergent plate boundaries, where one plate is subducted under the other, so the subducted plate happen to be melted into magma and it's force push out the surface an interesting fact is that it's lava is the most viscous lava this lava tend to solidify in a cone form that gets bigger after each eruption. Shield volcanoes often formed underwater at divergent plate boundaries, the lava that comes out of the shield  volcano is known as a mineral called" Basalt" Volcanoes are mainly created in the dangerous "Ring of Fire" located in the Pacific Ocean, Shield volcanoes can also be form over "Hot spots" Which are of great hot. Certainly volcanoes are dangerous and have such destructive power which make them be feared, but there also exist dormant volcanoes, which means that hasn't erupted in long time, volcanoes are created by the mother nature and humans can simply do nothing to stop their creation because it goes beyond the human hands, what we can do instead is admire their creation and evolution.

In my own opinion I firmly think that the geological study of tectonic plates make people realize with rational understanding that beyond disasters and events that shape our world everyday  there also that explanations that provoke different feelings inside ourselves sometimes of excitement,  proud or sometimes we just felt afraid of what we can't control. But this is how we're meant to be, and as the earth that include a variety of secrets we were created to discover them at all. The fascination that nature show us is merely an act of god's work, I'm sorry if  I'm talking about irrelevant information but I'm just expressing my self and I guess that sometimes people forget about nature and instead they just disturbed the environment with pollution, and chemicals that destroy everyday our environment. For example, why don't we learn more about the wonders of nature.

REFLECTION QUESTIONS!

What did you enjoy most about this projects and why?

 I have to admit that I really enjoyed the activities such as the creation of the mini poster because I got to create my draws and put some detail on it.

What was the most challenging for you  during this project and why?

Well, since the beginning of activity I thought that it would be fascinating learn more about the earth, but the most challenging part for me was understand the different plate boundaries

What new skills did you learn from doing this project?

I've gained certain ability to do research and lot of new vocabulary.           

Is there anything that you could have done to improve any of your work? Explain!

certainly, the only thing I needed was time and create a video that could make more clear my topic

What would you change about this project?

I wouldn't change a thing as long I get to chose what can I do.


WORK DONE FOR THIS PROJECT!!


The Ring Of Fire Mini Poster!!  click on the pictures to see the actual size. if is not showing properly!

 

Faults Mini Poster!!

 

 

The Continental Drift "Video"
 

Rock Types Blog Post

1. ROCK CYCLE

The cycle of rocks within the interior of the earth or on the surface of earth is known as rock cycle. There are three different types of rocks that constantly change, from form to another through a number of different processes, also over time. Such as the igneous rock, which is form from cooling or solidification. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the processes of compaction, and cementation, finally the metamorphic rocks are the result of increased temperature and pressure. Together explain the rock cycle, which is formed from one process to another.

Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and hardness, igneous rocks could be formed inside the earth or above the ground. When a volcano erupts, the magma turns into lava that eventually cools very quickly and form a igneous rock , but no crystals would form on it.

 

Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles od sand shells, pebbles, and other fragments such as living organisms. These particles are called sediments. The sediments are transported by the process of weathering ,and erosion then the sediments accumulate in layers over the time, and finally a rock is formed by the processes of compaction and cementation.

Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of earth. The changes occur due to the intense heat and pressure that means, that metamorphic rocks basically are form by squeezing.
If the metamorphic rocks are melted, then solidify they become on igneous rocks,and  as a result the cycle start all over again.

2. ROCKS

Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure

 

Magma

 Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed by cooling.

 

  Lava                                                                      

Lava is molten rock expelled by a volcano during eruption. Although lava is quite viscous, with about 100,000 times the
viscosity of water, it can flow great distances before cooling and solidifying, because of both its thixotropic and shear
thinning properties.

Solidification:

Solidification is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

 

Igneous Rock.

Igneous rocks are one of the three major rock types and are basically rocks that solidified from magma

 



 Weathering

Wear away or change the appearance or texture of something by long exposure to the atmosphere

 

Erosion

 Erosin is the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of water, glaciers, winds, waves, etc.











Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, etc.

Compaction

 The process by which the porosity of a given form of sediment is decreased as a result of its mineral grains being squeezed together by the weight of overlying sediment.

Cementation

The binding together of particles or other things by cement

 

Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils....

 

3.ROCK TYPES

•  THE IGNEOUS ROCK

Igneous rocks are called fire rocks and are formed either underground or above ground. Underground, they are formed when the melted rock, called magma, deep within the earth becomes trapped in small pockets. As these pockets of magma cool slowly underground, the magma becomes igneous rocks.

intrusive rocks: rocks formed underground are called intrusive rocks. Intrusive rocks are characterized by large crystal sizes, their visual appearance shows individual crystals interlocked together to form the rock mass. The cooling of magma deep in the Earth is typically much slower than the cooling process at the surface, so larger crystals can grow.

extrusive rocks: crystallization of magma at the surface of the Earth are called extrusive rocks. They are characterized by fine-grained textures because their rapid cooling at or near the surface did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow.

 

Extrusive rock - Obsidian                                       Intrusive rock - diorite.

Obsidian is an igneous rock                                   Diorite is acoarse- grained, intrusive igneous

that forms when molten rock                                rock that contains a mixture of felspar,

material cools so rapidly                                         pyroxene, hornblende and sometimes quartz.

that atoms are unable to arrange

themselves into a crystalline structure.

The result is a volcanic glass with

a smooth uniform texture that

breaks with a conchoidal fracture.

 

• The sedimentary rock.

Weathering processes break down rock into finer and finer material and such material is often transported and deposited as sediment. The processes of compaction and cementation of this sediment over a long period of time turn the sediment into rock. The formation of rock in this way is termed "lithification".

 

There are three types of Sedimentary Rock: Clastic sedimentary rocks Chemical sedimentary rocks Bioclastic sedimentary rocks

 

Conglomerate rock. (clastic)

Conglomerate forms where a sediment of rounded clasts at least two millimeters in diameter accumulates. It takes a strong water current to transport and shape particles this large. So the environment of deposition might be along a swiftly flowing stream or a beach with strong waves. There must also be a source of large-size sediment particles somewhere up current. The rounded shape of the clasts reveal that they were tumbled by running water or moving waves.

 

(chemical sedimentary rock)

The next type above of sedimentary rocks do have a crystalline texture. Like the igneous rocks, these also crystallize out of a solution. These rocks however, form from a water solution, and not from molten rock. Various salts (rock salt and gypsum) and some dolomites and limestones (by volume the most important chemical sediment) form this way. These rocks are called chemical sedimentary rocks. Unlike clastic rocks, the rocks get their names primarily on their composition. Chemical sedimentation involves water and therefore the depositional environments will be most often found near or under water.

 

(Bioclastic rock)

The final type of sedimentary rock results from the accumulation and lithification of plant and animal remains such as shells. These biogenic sediments for the most part, do not constitute a distinct class of sediments, except that they involved life in their formation. Because these rocks are formed from fragments (clastic), and the fragments are the result of a biological process, these rocks are known as bioclastic. Coal and shell limestone are good examples of bioclastic rocks.

• Metamorphic rocks.

rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.

Metamorphic rocks have been modified by heat, pressure and chemical process usually while buried deep below Earth's surface. Exposure to these extreme conditions has altered the mineralogy, texture and chemical composition of the rocks. There are two basic types of metamorphic rocks: 1) foliated metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, phyllite, schist and slate which have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure; and, 2) non-foliated metamorphic rocks such as marble and quartzite which do not have a layered or banded appearance.

 

Gneiss(foliated rock)

Foliation is any penetrative planar fabric present in rocks. Foliation is common to rocks affected by regional metamorphic compression typical of orogenic belts. Rocks exhibiting foliation include the standard sequence formed by the prograde metamorphism of mudrocks: slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss. The slatey cleavage typical of slate is due to the preferred orientation of microscopic phyllosilicate crystals. In gneiss the foliation is more typically represented by compositional banding due to segregation of mineral phases.

 

Marble(non - foliated rock)

Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.

                                               

 

About Me

Science is the the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of a phenomena.
I like listen to music.
The evil clowns scares me.
The mole poblano, and pozole are my favorite food.
I will be a Doctor when I grow up.
I have 7 siblings.
My favorite color is Black.
My favorite things to do is play soccer.
Watch out for the quite ones.
I wish I could travel to every part of the world.

1. Crystals-Summary of Crystals Growth Lab. 2.

2. Mineral properties

Color - That aspect of a mineral when you look at it.

Streak - the color of the fine powder of a mineral obtained by scratching or rubbing against a hard white surface.

Hardness - resistance of mineral to scratching in the mohs scale a scale, ranking 10 minerals from softest to hardest: used in testing the hardness of minerals.

Cleavage - cleavage describes how a crystal breaks when subject to stress on a particular plane.

Fracture - The rupture of a soft mineral.

Composition - The chemical composition of the minerals is varied, but in the exterior layers of the Earth's crust the most common chemical elements are: Oxygen( O) 47%, Silica (Si) 28%, Aluminum (Al) 8%,Iron (Fe) 5%, Calcium (Ca) 3.5%, Sodium (Na) 3%, Potassium (K) 2.5%, Magnesium (Mg) 2 %, and the remaining 1% are the others elements found in the Periodic Table.

Other properties - The Magnetic Minerals are few, but the property is important because of this fact. Once a specimen is established as magnetic, identification becomes a rather routine exercise. The mineral magnetite is named after this characteristic.

3.Mineral identification. #1 mineral - Quartz

- Color - Various
- Streak - White - Luster
- Glassy - Hardness- "7"
- Conchoidal fracture
- Other properties - Round fracture






#2 mineral - Feldspar

- Color - Various
- Streak - White
- Luster - Glassy
- Hardness- "6-6.5"
- Cleavage
- Other properties - Two cleavages

Those are the examples of different kinds of minerals.,

Whit specific characteristics and appearance.

as we see there are certain group of minerals with specific qualities.

Rock cycle video

Rock Cycle - Class K #6 from Kara MacDevitt on Vimeo.

About Me

Science is the the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of a phenomena.
I like play soccer, listen to music, learn and watch movies.
The clowns scares me.
The mole poblano, and pozole are my favorite food.
I will be a nurse when I grow up.
I have 7 siblings.
My favorite color is Black.
My favorite things to do is play soccer.
Watch out for get in fights.
I wish in become in a professional.